Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. The exact cause is still not fully understood, but research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors plays a role in its development. Research has identified several possible contributing factors:
1. Genetic Factors
- Inherited mutations: Certain genetic mutations are linked to Parkinson’s, such as those in the LRRK2, PARK7, PINK1, PRKN, and SNCA genes.
- Family history: Having a close relative with Parkinson’s slightly increases your risk.
2. Environmental Triggers
- Toxin exposure: Long-term exposure to pesticides, herbicides, and industrial chemicals may increase risk.
- Head trauma: Repeated head injuries have been associated with a higher likelihood of developing Parkinson’s.
3. Age
- Parkinson’s typically develops in people over the age of 60. The risk increases with age.
4. Sex
- Men are more likely to develop Parkinson’s than women, though the reasons are not fully clear.
5. Loss of Dopamine-Producing Neurons
- The hallmark of Parkinson’s is the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain that produces dopamine, a neurotransmitter crucial for coordinating movement.
6. Presence of Lewy Bodies
- Abnormal clumps of protein called Lewy bodies, primarily made of alpha-synuclein, are found in the brains of people with Parkinson’s. Their role in the disease is still being studied.
7. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress
- Damage to the mitochondria (the cell’s energy producers) and oxidative stress (an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants) may contribute to neuron death.